1 00:00:12,650 --> 00:00:11,150 well good afternoon my name is Dwayne 2 00:00:15,709 --> 00:00:12,660 brown with the office of public affairs 3 00:00:16,870 --> 00:00:15,719 and welcome to NASA headquarters well 4 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:16,880 ladies and gentlemen we have a 5 00:00:22,340 --> 00:00:19,650 two-for-one science special for you 6 00:00:24,140 --> 00:00:22,350 today NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 7 00:00:26,359 --> 00:00:24,150 has made some incredible new findings 8 00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:26,369 and I watering images of the red planet 9 00:00:32,450 --> 00:00:29,580 and shortly following this briefing at 10 00:00:34,220 --> 00:00:32,460 around noon pacific 3 p.m. eastern on 11 00:00:35,660 --> 00:00:34,230 the west coast NASA's Jet Propulsion 12 00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:35,670 Laboratory will hold a media 13 00:00:40,310 --> 00:00:37,620 teleconference to explain those new 14 00:00:42,350 --> 00:00:40,320 findings for the media joining us via 15 00:00:44,389 --> 00:00:42,360 television on the phone to participate 16 00:00:48,709 --> 00:00:44,399 in that media teleconference call the 17 00:00:53,029 --> 00:00:48,719 JPL newsroom in 818 35 45 0 1 1 that's 8 18 00:00:55,700 --> 00:00:53,039 183 5450 11 so we have mozz on the west 19 00:00:59,000 --> 00:00:55,710 coast and we have moon here on the East 20 00:01:00,889 --> 00:00:59,010 Coast and today scientists will put in 21 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:00,899 further context and correct any 22 00:01:05,030 --> 00:01:03,570 misleading information about the new 23 00:01:07,700 --> 00:01:05,040 findings on the moon that have been 24 00:01:09,380 --> 00:01:07,710 reported we have a lot to cover I'll 25 00:01:11,810 --> 00:01:09,390 introduce our participants they'll give 26 00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:11,820 brief opening remarks and then we'll 27 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:14,460 open it up for questions starting off 28 00:01:20,179 --> 00:01:18,570 will be Jim Green the director Planetary 29 00:01:21,740 --> 00:01:20,189 Science Division science Mission 30 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:21,750 Directorate and NASA headquarters in 31 00:01:27,679 --> 00:01:26,130 Washington kali peters principal 32 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:27,689 investigator for the moon mineralogy 33 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:30,930 mapper otherwise known as M cube from 34 00:01:37,789 --> 00:01:35,250 Brown University rob green project 35 00:01:41,950 --> 00:01:37,799 instrument scientists for mq announces 36 00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:41,960 JPL in Pasadena California Roger Clark 37 00:01:47,450 --> 00:01:45,090 team member Cassini spacecraft visual 38 00:01:49,219 --> 00:01:47,460 and infrared mapping spectrometer and M 39 00:01:52,429 --> 00:01:49,229 cube co-investigator from the US 40 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:52,439 Geological Survey in Denver and Jessica 41 00:01:56,780 --> 00:01:54,570 sunshine deputy principal investigator 42 00:01:59,929 --> 00:01:56,790 for NASA's Deep Impact extended mission 43 00:02:01,760 --> 00:01:59,939 and mq co-investigator Department of 44 00:02:04,130 --> 00:02:01,770 astronomy university of maryland college 45 00:02:07,069 --> 00:02:04,140 park let's get started I'll turn it over 46 00:02:09,020 --> 00:02:07,079 to Jim thank you very much going we're 47 00:02:11,900 --> 00:02:09,030 going to start today by putting the 48 00:02:13,640 --> 00:02:11,910 water story in context a historical 49 00:02:15,500 --> 00:02:13,650 perspective if you will 50 00:02:18,890 --> 00:02:15,510 and to do that we'll start at the 51 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:18,900 beginning the generally accepted theory 52 00:02:26,179 --> 00:02:21,890 of the origin of the moon goes like this 53 00:02:28,970 --> 00:02:26,189 about 4.5 billion years ago an object 54 00:02:32,899 --> 00:02:28,980 perhaps the size of Mars slammed into 55 00:02:35,539 --> 00:02:32,909 the earth as these two objects reformed 56 00:02:38,179 --> 00:02:35,549 and the moon coalesced from that 57 00:02:42,289 --> 00:02:38,189 collision it lost most of its volatile 58 00:02:44,179 --> 00:02:42,299 and that includes water this theory is 59 00:02:46,490 --> 00:02:44,189 very consistent with the known 60 00:02:49,369 --> 00:02:46,500 observations of the earth-moon system 61 00:02:52,039 --> 00:02:49,379 that we have today and in fact it's 62 00:02:54,649 --> 00:02:52,049 quite consistent with the results from 63 00:02:58,429 --> 00:02:54,659 the Apollo astronauts that brought back 64 00:03:00,949 --> 00:02:58,439 over 840 pounds of rock from the moon 65 00:03:04,069 --> 00:03:00,959 over several missions in the late 60s 66 00:03:07,399 --> 00:03:04,079 and 70s and in fact we have those rocks 67 00:03:10,250 --> 00:03:07,409 we've made those measurements and on the 68 00:03:13,910 --> 00:03:10,260 average there's about 50 parts per 69 00:03:16,429 --> 00:03:13,920 million of water in the lunar rocks so 70 00:03:19,460 --> 00:03:16,439 what does that mean if we were to 71 00:03:25,849 --> 00:03:19,470 extract all the water in the apollo 72 00:03:27,860 --> 00:03:25,859 rocks it would fill this tablespoon in 73 00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:27,870 other words the moon as we've known it 74 00:03:33,050 --> 00:03:30,180 based on our theories and based on the 75 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:33,060 observations from Apollo is very very 76 00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:36,690 dry object the next part of our story is 77 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:40,230 lunar prospector launched in late 90s 78 00:03:46,969 --> 00:03:44,250 lunar spa a part lunar prospector with 79 00:03:49,610 --> 00:03:46,979 an array of instruments observe the moon 80 00:03:52,430 --> 00:03:49,620 in its polar orbit and found something 81 00:03:55,939 --> 00:03:52,440 startling and that startling measurement 82 00:03:57,830 --> 00:03:55,949 was from the neutron spectrometer what 83 00:04:00,500 --> 00:03:57,840 it was measuring were neutrons that were 84 00:04:02,899 --> 00:04:00,510 being emitted by the moon caused by 85 00:04:06,189 --> 00:04:02,909 cosmic rays that penetrate its surface 86 00:04:08,780 --> 00:04:06,199 generating these neutrons but over 87 00:04:11,059 --> 00:04:08,790 permanently shadowed areas in the 88 00:04:14,689 --> 00:04:11,069 northern and southern hemisphere the 89 00:04:16,879 --> 00:04:14,699 neutron flux dropped significantly now 90 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:16,889 one of the absorbers of neutrons has 91 00:04:25,010 --> 00:04:19,970 been known for some time and it's water 92 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:25,020 so therefore at the end of the 90s and 93 00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:27,090 as we move into this new 94 00:04:33,950 --> 00:04:30,300 the generally thinking idea is that the 95 00:04:36,740 --> 00:04:33,960 moon is bone dry but there may be water 96 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:36,750 at some amount in these print ly 97 00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:38,970 shadowed regions in the North and South 98 00:04:46,370 --> 00:04:42,240 Pole well what we're going to talk about 99 00:04:48,710 --> 00:04:46,380 today is truly a major advancement in 100 00:04:52,159 --> 00:04:48,720 our knowledge of the water content on 101 00:04:55,490 --> 00:04:52,169 the surface of the Moon three papers 102 00:04:58,670 --> 00:04:55,500 will be published in science today that 103 00:05:01,909 --> 00:04:58,680 will illustrate an enhanced knowledge of 104 00:05:04,790 --> 00:05:01,919 the percentage of water that exists all 105 00:05:07,370 --> 00:05:04,800 over the moon and not just in these 106 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:07,380 permanently shadowed craters in fact the 107 00:05:11,540 --> 00:05:09,570 observations of today we will not be 108 00:05:13,940 --> 00:05:11,550 able to comment on how much water is in 109 00:05:17,210 --> 00:05:13,950 those graters because we can only 110 00:05:21,500 --> 00:05:17,220 measure from these instruments the light 111 00:05:23,629 --> 00:05:21,510 that comes back from the moon these new 112 00:05:26,300 --> 00:05:23,639 observations that will be reported here 113 00:05:28,159 --> 00:05:26,310 are from three major instruments the 114 00:05:31,580 --> 00:05:28,169 instruments are the moon mineralogy 115 00:05:34,940 --> 00:05:31,590 mapper or M cubed this is on 116 00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:34,950 chandrayaan-1 second instrument is the 117 00:05:42,409 --> 00:05:37,440 visual and infrared mapping spectrometer 118 00:05:44,050 --> 00:05:42,419 or VIMS on the Cassini mission the third 119 00:05:49,100 --> 00:05:44,060 instrument is the high resolution 120 00:05:52,850 --> 00:05:49,110 infrared imaging spectrometer or HR I is 121 00:05:55,159 --> 00:05:52,860 on the Deep Impact which has gone into 122 00:05:57,740 --> 00:05:55,169 an extended mission and is referred to 123 00:06:00,790 --> 00:05:57,750 as many as epoxy but it's the same 124 00:06:04,070 --> 00:06:00,800 spacecraft now these high-resolution 125 00:06:08,180 --> 00:06:04,080 imaging spectrometers make it possible 126 00:06:11,330 --> 00:06:08,190 to map the lunar hydrogen content on the 127 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:11,340 surface as never before possible the 128 00:06:15,110 --> 00:06:13,050 measurements from all three instruments 129 00:06:18,020 --> 00:06:15,120 I think you'll find by the end of 130 00:06:21,589 --> 00:06:18,030 today's conference as being quite clear 131 00:06:23,180 --> 00:06:21,599 we're critical in confirming the 132 00:06:27,589 --> 00:06:23,190 findings that we're going to talk about 133 00:06:30,290 --> 00:06:27,599 today now before I get started before we 134 00:06:33,620 --> 00:06:30,300 get started I want to take this time to 135 00:06:37,370 --> 00:06:33,630 especially thank the Indian Space 136 00:06:40,430 --> 00:06:37,380 Research Organization Israel that is the 137 00:06:43,370 --> 00:06:40,440 Indian Space Agency 138 00:06:47,150 --> 00:06:43,380 for the partnership and collaboration 139 00:06:50,870 --> 00:06:47,160 with NASA that is made Chandra m and M 140 00:06:53,390 --> 00:06:50,880 cubed possible Israel shares in the 141 00:06:56,480 --> 00:06:53,400 credit the observations and finds that 142 00:06:58,340 --> 00:06:56,490 we will discuss today we are delighted 143 00:07:03,800 --> 00:06:58,350 that they are here represented by mr. 144 00:07:05,900 --> 00:07:03,810 Carnac from Israel welcome and without 145 00:07:10,190 --> 00:07:05,910 further ado I'd like to turn it over now 146 00:07:13,550 --> 00:07:10,200 to dr. Carly Peters mq principal 147 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:13,560 scientist thank you Jim while the moon 148 00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:19,170 continues to surprise us and that's the 149 00:07:24,950 --> 00:07:20,910 message that I hope you will will take 150 00:07:28,900 --> 00:07:24,960 home with you today widespread water has 151 00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:28,910 been detected on the surface of the Moon 152 00:07:33,530 --> 00:07:31,350 you have to think outside of the box on 153 00:07:37,220 --> 00:07:33,540 this this is not what any of us expected 154 00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:37,230 a decade ago but widespread water has 155 00:07:44,930 --> 00:07:40,640 been detected on the surface of the Moon 156 00:07:46,580 --> 00:07:44,940 so we could have my first chart I'm 157 00:07:48,290 --> 00:07:46,590 going to be talking about the M cube 158 00:07:51,409 --> 00:07:48,300 results and giving you a quick overview 159 00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:51,419 of what they are and a few highlights of 160 00:07:57,800 --> 00:07:55,070 what we've seen this particular figure 161 00:07:59,960 --> 00:07:57,810 summarizes the observations acquired 162 00:08:04,010 --> 00:07:59,970 during what we call the first optical 163 00:08:05,390 --> 00:08:04,020 period of the Shawn Regan operation for 164 00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:05,400 the near Side of the Moon the part of 165 00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:06,660 the moon that you're all familiar with 166 00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:08,540 when you go outside and look at the moon 167 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:11,490 it illustrates the distribution of 168 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:15,690 several highly diagnostic spectral 169 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:19,530 properties the blue tones in this 170 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:22,650 particular image illustrate where we 171 00:08:28,610 --> 00:08:25,530 have observed with the M cube geometry 172 00:08:32,420 --> 00:08:28,620 the distribution of the surface on the 173 00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:32,430 surface of h2o and o.h water and 174 00:08:40,279 --> 00:08:37,110 hydroxyl the green and red tones and the 175 00:08:41,990 --> 00:08:40,289 variations amongst them are in this 176 00:08:44,630 --> 00:08:42,000 particular image are designed to 177 00:08:47,300 --> 00:08:44,640 illustrate the location of a variety of 178 00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:47,310 mineral species across the surface of 179 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:49,920 the Moon which is what the instrument 180 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:52,890 was specifically designed to detect and 181 00:08:56,060 --> 00:08:53,250 math 182 00:08:58,550 --> 00:08:56,070 we will not spend much time on that part 183 00:09:02,330 --> 00:08:58,560 will concentrate on the detection of 184 00:09:06,140 --> 00:09:02,340 water near the high latitudes in this 185 00:09:09,110 --> 00:09:06,150 particular image let's go on to my next 186 00:09:11,630 --> 00:09:09,120 chart because what I need to explain to 187 00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:11,640 you right from the beginning is how we 188 00:09:17,450 --> 00:09:14,790 detect and why we are so certain that 189 00:09:21,140 --> 00:09:17,460 what we're looking at is water and 190 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:21,150 hydroxyl on the moon we use a variety of 191 00:09:24,890 --> 00:09:23,490 spectrometers the one on m cube and the 192 00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:24,900 one on the other two instruments that 193 00:09:28,820 --> 00:09:26,880 you'll be hearing about to look at 194 00:09:31,870 --> 00:09:28,830 radiation that's reflected from the 195 00:09:35,230 --> 00:09:31,880 surface and measured with these various 196 00:09:37,670 --> 00:09:35,240 detectors its measured as a function of 197 00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:37,680 brightness as a function of wavelength 198 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:41,250 or color in this particular chart over 199 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:43,650 on the left is you can see right up at 200 00:09:48,470 --> 00:09:45,930 the top where the visible part of the 201 00:09:53,150 --> 00:09:48,480 spectrum occurs where your your eyes can 202 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:53,160 tell the color of the surface moving to 203 00:09:57,320 --> 00:09:54,810 longer wavelengths or into the 204 00:10:00,140 --> 00:09:57,330 near-infrared you see a variety of 205 00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:00,150 highly diagnostic features that are due 206 00:10:05,300 --> 00:10:02,660 to the various minerals on the surface 207 00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:05,310 highlighted over on the left-hand part 208 00:10:10,850 --> 00:10:07,680 of this chart is the blow-up of the area 209 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:10,860 that's uniquely diagnostic of o H and 210 00:10:14,420 --> 00:10:12,930 water on the surface of the Moon and 211 00:10:17,540 --> 00:10:14,430 I've identified in this particular 212 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:17,550 figure where you see the diagnostic 213 00:10:23,690 --> 00:10:20,850 absorptions of 0 h + h2o as well as the 214 00:10:26,060 --> 00:10:23,700 solid form of ice on the surface of the 215 00:10:29,450 --> 00:10:26,070 moon and we'll all be coming back to 216 00:10:32,120 --> 00:10:29,460 this fingerprint this highly diagnostic 217 00:10:35,180 --> 00:10:32,130 signature of detecting water on the 218 00:10:38,570 --> 00:10:35,190 surface of the moon okay let's move on 219 00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:38,580 to my next chart what shown here is 220 00:10:43,220 --> 00:10:40,500 again a summary of the M cubed data 221 00:10:44,570 --> 00:10:43,230 shown on the Left labeled albedo is 222 00:10:46,730 --> 00:10:44,580 essentially the brightness of the 223 00:10:49,810 --> 00:10:46,740 surface of the moon as you would go out 224 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:49,820 and look at it on a lovely moonlit night 225 00:10:54,710 --> 00:10:52,290 that gives you an orientation that you 226 00:10:57,170 --> 00:10:54,720 should be quite familiar with shown on 227 00:11:00,770 --> 00:10:57,180 the right is the distribution of the 228 00:11:04,100 --> 00:11:00,780 signature of 0 H and H 2 O that M cube 229 00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:04,110 has detected you can see that in that 230 00:11:09,379 --> 00:11:07,290 particular this rendition of our 231 00:11:12,079 --> 00:11:09,389 detection is principally at the cooler 232 00:11:14,900 --> 00:11:12,089 areas of the moon namely the higher 233 00:11:16,670 --> 00:11:14,910 latitudes that's because of the geometry 234 00:11:19,249 --> 00:11:16,680 of our measurements are typically when 235 00:11:21,889 --> 00:11:19,259 the Sun is high and the only cool parts 236 00:11:23,780 --> 00:11:21,899 of the Moon are at high latitudes you 237 00:11:25,879 --> 00:11:23,790 may also be able to see that in the 238 00:11:28,579 --> 00:11:25,889 center of the northern area is a 239 00:11:30,050 --> 00:11:28,589 relatively bright area and what that 240 00:11:33,050 --> 00:11:30,060 shows you is that their spatial 241 00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:33,060 variability some areas have a stronger 242 00:11:38,329 --> 00:11:35,880 signature than other areas and we'll be 243 00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:38,339 coming back to that through the 244 00:11:43,970 --> 00:11:40,800 discussion so there's two take home 245 00:11:46,730 --> 00:11:43,980 messages here 1 M cube detects it at 246 00:11:49,189 --> 00:11:46,740 high latitudes and to their spatial 247 00:11:51,379 --> 00:11:49,199 variability and that one area that you 248 00:11:54,199 --> 00:11:51,389 see in the northern part is a large 249 00:11:56,749 --> 00:11:54,209 crater called Goldschmidt so we see it 250 00:12:01,490 --> 00:11:56,759 at large craters let's go to my next 251 00:12:03,499 --> 00:12:01,500 chart in addition to the large chart now 252 00:12:06,710 --> 00:12:03,509 we're all the previous data I'd shown 253 00:12:09,680 --> 00:12:06,720 you are we've taken our data and down 254 00:12:11,569 --> 00:12:09,690 sampled it a hundred times to fit onto 255 00:12:13,610 --> 00:12:11,579 one globe when you look at the 256 00:12:16,850 --> 00:12:13,620 individual measurements you see a lot 257 00:12:20,780 --> 00:12:16,860 more detail and this particular strip is 258 00:12:24,230 --> 00:12:20,790 40 kilometers in diameter and looking at 259 00:12:27,290 --> 00:12:24,240 very very small tiny fresh impact 260 00:12:29,930 --> 00:12:27,300 craters we see this signature shown over 261 00:12:32,750 --> 00:12:29,940 on the right this downturn into the 262 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:32,760 diagnostic properties absorption 263 00:12:37,069 --> 00:12:35,010 properties of water and what we're 264 00:12:39,620 --> 00:12:37,079 showing here is that even at small 265 00:12:41,769 --> 00:12:39,630 creators the size of meteor crater for 266 00:12:45,740 --> 00:12:41,779 example in Arizona you get this 267 00:12:48,079 --> 00:12:45,750 detection of the strong signal now also 268 00:12:51,350 --> 00:12:48,089 shown there perhaps less clear in the 269 00:12:53,780 --> 00:12:51,360 back of the room is the background area 270 00:12:55,460 --> 00:12:53,790 seen in this moon which does not have 271 00:12:58,850 --> 00:12:55,470 this signature so the spatial 272 00:13:03,530 --> 00:12:58,860 variability is very important ok let's 273 00:13:06,439 --> 00:13:03,540 go on to the next chart and what this 274 00:13:08,300 --> 00:13:06,449 shows is a variety of hypotheses that we 275 00:13:11,329 --> 00:13:08,310 and the various team members have been 276 00:13:14,389 --> 00:13:11,339 discussing of how what physical form 277 00:13:18,139 --> 00:13:14,399 this water may occur on the surface we 278 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:18,149 do not know precisely we have several 279 00:13:23,679 --> 00:13:20,970 hypotheses we need of course more data 280 00:13:27,199 --> 00:13:23,689 but there's a lot of suggestions in fact 281 00:13:29,269 --> 00:13:27,209 one that we have a firm consensus on 282 00:13:31,850 --> 00:13:29,279 that what we're seeing occurs in the 283 00:13:35,210 --> 00:13:31,860 uppermost surface of the moon of the 284 00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:35,220 lunar soil upper two millimeters and 285 00:13:39,410 --> 00:13:37,290 these are variety of different ways that 286 00:13:40,730 --> 00:13:39,420 could occur it could occur as one mono 287 00:13:43,429 --> 00:13:40,740 layer where these are just a few 288 00:13:46,699 --> 00:13:43,439 molecules thick it could be mixed into 289 00:13:48,110 --> 00:13:46,709 the soil it could be altered minerals on 290 00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:48,120 the surface there could be various 291 00:13:52,129 --> 00:13:49,980 gradients within the upper few 292 00:13:55,189 --> 00:13:52,139 millimeters these are areas that will be 293 00:13:56,780 --> 00:13:55,199 actively pursuing in the years ahead and 294 00:13:58,999 --> 00:13:56,790 with that introduction let me turn it 295 00:14:00,559 --> 00:13:59,009 over to rob green Thank You Carly I'd 296 00:14:02,210 --> 00:14:00,569 like to provide at this point a little 297 00:14:05,059 --> 00:14:02,220 bit more background on the M cubed 298 00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:05,069 science mission and how we've come here 299 00:14:09,619 --> 00:14:08,310 M cube was designed and proposed to 300 00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:09,629 measure the composition of the moon 301 00:14:14,210 --> 00:14:11,610 you're seeing that here in this graphic 302 00:14:16,129 --> 00:14:14,220 we know the moon consists of rocks and 303 00:14:18,110 --> 00:14:16,139 rocks contain minerals on the upper 304 00:14:20,179 --> 00:14:18,120 right I've got a picture of a rock that 305 00:14:23,150 --> 00:14:20,189 was returned by the Apollo 15 mission 306 00:14:24,639 --> 00:14:23,160 the minerals in the rocks interact with 307 00:14:27,079 --> 00:14:24,649 light differently at different 308 00:14:29,629 --> 00:14:27,089 wavelengths and in the middle you're 309 00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:29,639 seeing spectral signatures so this is 310 00:14:34,189 --> 00:14:31,860 the way those minerals interact with the 311 00:14:36,049 --> 00:14:34,199 light through wavelengths and they give 312 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:36,059 us signatures for us to decide what the 313 00:14:40,759 --> 00:14:38,610 composition of the surface of the moon 314 00:14:42,710 --> 00:14:40,769 is based on these measurements so we 315 00:14:44,269 --> 00:14:42,720 needed an instrument that could measure 316 00:14:46,639 --> 00:14:44,279 the surface of the Moon and for every 317 00:14:48,470 --> 00:14:46,649 point in the images acquired we have a 318 00:14:50,660 --> 00:14:48,480 spectrum to get the signature to 319 00:14:54,170 --> 00:14:50,670 determine the composition could I have 320 00:14:56,240 --> 00:14:54,180 the next graphic please and this is a 321 00:14:59,470 --> 00:14:56,250 depiction of the type of instrument 322 00:15:02,360 --> 00:14:59,480 we've used with M cubed to achieve these 323 00:15:04,819 --> 00:15:02,370 amazing results from this graphic you 324 00:15:06,829 --> 00:15:04,829 can see white light is reflected from 325 00:15:09,079 --> 00:15:06,839 the moon into a telescope of our 326 00:15:11,509 --> 00:15:09,089 instrument from that telescope the light 327 00:15:14,150 --> 00:15:11,519 is passed into a spectrometer we break 328 00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:14,160 the natural light into the rainbow into 329 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:16,050 the spectrum and then record that 330 00:15:20,809 --> 00:15:17,970 spectrum for each point in the image 331 00:15:22,549 --> 00:15:20,819 producing an image cube which contains a 332 00:15:24,439 --> 00:15:22,559 spectral signature for each point in the 333 00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:24,449 image from which we can determine the 334 00:15:30,889 --> 00:15:27,600 composition of the surface next graphic 335 00:15:34,530 --> 00:15:30,899 please and this is the instrument a very 336 00:15:36,570 --> 00:15:34,540 special instrument the M cubed develop 337 00:15:38,430 --> 00:15:36,580 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory here we 338 00:15:39,930 --> 00:15:38,440 are in the clean room during the 339 00:15:42,660 --> 00:15:39,940 development process this gives you an 340 00:15:44,250 --> 00:15:42,670 idea of its size Carly Peters the 341 00:15:46,290 --> 00:15:44,260 principal scientist is there with their 342 00:15:48,960 --> 00:15:46,300 hand out looking at the instrument 343 00:15:50,670 --> 00:15:48,970 during the alignment phase just to give 344 00:15:53,730 --> 00:15:50,680 you a perspective the instrument weighs 345 00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:53,740 about 20 pounds it runs with the energy 346 00:15:59,940 --> 00:15:57,040 of a 20 watt light bulb and is about the 347 00:16:01,620 --> 00:15:59,950 size of a desktop laser printer to give 348 00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:01,630 you a feel for what it is and it's quite 349 00:16:06,450 --> 00:16:03,370 a compact little instrument for a very 350 00:16:09,050 --> 00:16:06,460 big job which is to map the composition 351 00:16:12,090 --> 00:16:09,060 of the entire surface of Earth's moon 352 00:16:14,460 --> 00:16:12,100 could I have the next graphic please and 353 00:16:16,050 --> 00:16:14,470 now I'd like to show you some more of 354 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:16,060 the spectacular results that have been 355 00:16:20,070 --> 00:16:18,490 returned by M cubed the image on the 356 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:20,080 left is one of our very favorites this 357 00:16:24,060 --> 00:16:21,850 is one of the first images that came 358 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:24,070 back on the 19th of november two 359 00:16:28,110 --> 00:16:26,410 thousand eight which showed us on the 360 00:16:29,910 --> 00:16:28,120 chandran went one mission we had a 361 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:29,920 working instrument and we were measuring 362 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:31,690 exactly we set out to measure which were 363 00:16:36,090 --> 00:16:34,210 spectral image cubes where we have an 364 00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:36,100 image and then for every point of that 365 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:38,110 image we have a spectrum underlying it 366 00:16:42,420 --> 00:16:40,810 to measure the composition of the 367 00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:42,430 surface of the Moon and you're seeing a 368 00:16:47,670 --> 00:16:44,110 representation of those spectra on the 369 00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:47,680 top and side rainbow panels so we were 370 00:16:52,650 --> 00:16:50,710 very excited to see this this result on 371 00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:52,660 the 19th of November I've included 372 00:16:57,060 --> 00:16:54,610 another image cube there this is another 373 00:16:59,490 --> 00:16:57,070 spectacular dataset collected this is 374 00:17:01,290 --> 00:16:59,500 the Apollo 15 landing site and you can 375 00:17:04,890 --> 00:17:01,300 see the Hadley real there where the 376 00:17:07,430 --> 00:17:04,900 Apollo 15 landed decades ago and I want 377 00:17:10,260 --> 00:17:07,440 to summarize that we have in fact almost 378 00:17:13,260 --> 00:17:10,270 1,000 gigabytes of data from M cube 379 00:17:15,690 --> 00:17:13,270 returned over 10 months all of this type 380 00:17:17,220 --> 00:17:15,700 to allow us to in fact cover more than 381 00:17:18,930 --> 00:17:17,230 ninety percent of the moon and you're 382 00:17:20,790 --> 00:17:18,940 just seeing the beginning of the results 383 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:20,800 and some of the highlights from the 384 00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:23,530 early analysis of these data so could I 385 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:26,440 have the next graphic please so having 386 00:17:30,390 --> 00:17:28,090 shown you some of the data sets now I'd 387 00:17:33,960 --> 00:17:30,400 like to show some of the mineral results 388 00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:33,970 from M cube this is a map of aspects of 389 00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:36,310 the mineralogy of Earth's moon here 390 00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:38,710 you're seeing in greens purples and 391 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:41,530 blues iron-bearing minerals that we've 392 00:17:45,450 --> 00:17:43,090 been able to map because we have a 393 00:17:47,919 --> 00:17:45,460 spectral signature for every point in 394 00:17:49,749 --> 00:17:47,929 the image that we've collected these 395 00:17:52,090 --> 00:17:49,759 the iron minerals that would be similar 396 00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:52,100 to the basalt lavas that you might find 397 00:17:57,549 --> 00:17:54,440 in the Hawaiian volcanoes for example 398 00:17:59,710 --> 00:17:57,559 the red areas are areas that contain the 399 00:18:02,560 --> 00:17:59,720 mineral pelagic case again plagioclase 400 00:18:04,570 --> 00:18:02,570 we're measuring minerals and these are 401 00:18:07,029 --> 00:18:04,580 pledged place is a feldspar mineral 402 00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:07,039 which is also found in earth rocks it's 403 00:18:10,899 --> 00:18:09,110 a common rock-forming minerals so just 404 00:18:12,460 --> 00:18:10,909 to give you an indication that we're 405 00:18:14,739 --> 00:18:12,470 also proceeding in addition to the 406 00:18:16,690 --> 00:18:14,749 amazing water discovery we've also begun 407 00:18:19,389 --> 00:18:16,700 our primary mission of mapping the 408 00:18:21,489 --> 00:18:19,399 mineralogy averse moon with these data 409 00:18:23,859 --> 00:18:21,499 and now before I go to the next slide 410 00:18:25,810 --> 00:18:23,869 I'd like to invite you all tonight or 411 00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:25,820 over the next week if it's clear to go 412 00:18:30,639 --> 00:18:27,679 out and look at the moon as you've known 413 00:18:33,070 --> 00:18:30,649 it I've known it as a white or grey 414 00:18:35,710 --> 00:18:33,080 object in the sky and to realize that 415 00:18:37,330 --> 00:18:35,720 with an imaging spectrometer like M 416 00:18:39,879 --> 00:18:37,340 cubed like the other instruments will be 417 00:18:42,039 --> 00:18:39,889 talking about really it's the moon is 418 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:42,049 much more than simply a grey body in 419 00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:44,330 orbit around the earth it is full of a 420 00:18:50,289 --> 00:18:47,840 spectacular spectral variation and this 421 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:50,299 depiction should shift to a movie 422 00:18:54,879 --> 00:18:53,330 through the spectrum showing the 423 00:18:57,310 --> 00:18:54,889 different colors that we've been able to 424 00:18:59,440 --> 00:18:57,320 derive their you can start to see colors 425 00:19:02,799 --> 00:18:59,450 sweep through this is a tour through the 426 00:19:05,169 --> 00:19:02,809 M cubed dataset collected so far showing 427 00:19:07,269 --> 00:19:05,179 the the amazing compositional diversity 428 00:19:09,850 --> 00:19:07,279 for all of those who thought the moon 429 00:19:12,909 --> 00:19:09,860 was gray it isn't it's full of 430 00:19:15,279 --> 00:19:12,919 spectacular spectral content which we 431 00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:15,289 can relate to composition we've talked a 432 00:19:18,519 --> 00:19:16,730 little bit about the water that we've 433 00:19:20,499 --> 00:19:18,529 discovered with these measurements and a 434 00:19:22,539 --> 00:19:20,509 little bit about the mineralogy but 435 00:19:24,879 --> 00:19:22,549 we're going to know in the next decades 436 00:19:26,320 --> 00:19:24,889 much more about the moon thanks to these 437 00:19:29,379 --> 00:19:26,330 measurements and with that I'd like to 438 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:29,389 pass it to Roger okay I'm going to talk 439 00:19:35,259 --> 00:19:32,090 about the Cassini results and also more 440 00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:35,269 M cube results Cassini flew by the earth 441 00:19:40,779 --> 00:19:38,480 and got a view of the moon on its on a 442 00:19:43,749 --> 00:19:40,789 gravity assist on its way to Saturn back 443 00:19:48,029 --> 00:19:43,759 in August of 1999 so it's been a long 444 00:19:51,070 --> 00:19:48,039 time and the first slide please the 445 00:19:53,230 --> 00:19:51,080 basic results of the Cassini flyby of 446 00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:53,240 the Moon are shown here in the top or 447 00:19:58,720 --> 00:19:56,480 just a normal intensity view from the 448 00:20:00,789 --> 00:19:58,730 VINs instrument and the imaging system 449 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:00,799 and in the bottom row are the derived 450 00:20:04,299 --> 00:20:01,610 results 451 00:20:07,390 --> 00:20:04,309 the VINs the temperature in the middle 452 00:20:09,910 --> 00:20:07,400 is the map of the water and on the lower 453 00:20:12,940 --> 00:20:09,920 right is the map of the hydroxyl now 454 00:20:15,820 --> 00:20:12,950 what's astounding about these results is 455 00:20:18,039 --> 00:20:15,830 that the water and hydroxyl exists at 456 00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:18,049 all latitudes on the moon in direct 457 00:20:23,110 --> 00:20:20,690 sunlight where it's a really quite hot 458 00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:23,120 in fact hütter at the equator than 459 00:20:34,330 --> 00:20:29,510 boiling water so now the hydroxyl is an 460 00:20:36,820 --> 00:20:34,340 o H molecule or bond that creates a 461 00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:36,830 chemical reaction with other minerals in 462 00:20:40,930 --> 00:20:38,510 the surface and that will create 463 00:20:42,970 --> 00:20:40,940 hydroxyl bearing minerals we haven't 464 00:20:45,580 --> 00:20:42,980 identified the any of the minerals yet 465 00:20:47,409 --> 00:20:45,590 but there's a wide variety of hydroxyl 466 00:20:52,150 --> 00:20:47,419 bearing compounds clay minerals are an 467 00:20:54,340 --> 00:20:52,160 example of hydroxyl bearing minerals now 468 00:20:57,430 --> 00:20:54,350 the diversity that we see here there's 469 00:20:59,020 --> 00:20:57,440 variations in the intensity of the the 470 00:21:01,360 --> 00:20:59,030 water signature and the hydroxyl 471 00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:01,370 signature that's telling us that there's 472 00:21:06,220 --> 00:21:03,890 some dynamic processes going on the 473 00:21:07,690 --> 00:21:06,230 weathering and reactions going on are 474 00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:07,700 different on different places on the 475 00:21:13,659 --> 00:21:09,760 moon let's go to the next view graph 476 00:21:15,580 --> 00:21:13,669 where I'll show you why this is a pretty 477 00:21:18,370 --> 00:21:15,590 difficult detection and why it takes 478 00:21:20,799 --> 00:21:18,380 three spacecraft to really confirm it 479 00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:20,809 and make it a solid detection so that 480 00:21:25,990 --> 00:21:23,360 all many scientists will believe the 481 00:21:29,169 --> 00:21:26,000 result first the amount of water is 482 00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:29,179 small so we're only our best estimate 483 00:21:34,409 --> 00:21:30,710 right now for the amount of water is 484 00:21:37,900 --> 00:21:34,419 about a ton or liter of water per a 485 00:21:40,510 --> 00:21:37,910 about a quart or liter of water per ton 486 00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:40,520 of lunar material and that's lunar 487 00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:42,710 material in the top part of the the 488 00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:44,540 surface the top couple of millimeters 489 00:21:50,110 --> 00:21:48,410 the detection results in a very small 490 00:21:54,039 --> 00:21:50,120 absorption band that is shown here in 491 00:21:56,350 --> 00:21:54,049 gray on this graph and you see results 492 00:21:58,960 --> 00:21:56,360 from two instruments the MQ band and 493 00:22:01,330 --> 00:21:58,970 vims give very close to the same answer 494 00:22:03,430 --> 00:22:01,340 which is what we were looking for to 495 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:03,440 verify that the calibration is accurate 496 00:22:08,950 --> 00:22:06,650 between the instruments further the M 497 00:22:10,590 --> 00:22:08,960 cube doesn't go as far out in wavelength 498 00:22:13,510 --> 00:22:10,600 as the VINs or the deep impact 499 00:22:15,370 --> 00:22:13,520 spacecraft does so the VINs and Deep 500 00:22:18,730 --> 00:22:15,380 Impact can see water 501 00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:18,740 in hotter places then is easy for the MQ 502 00:22:24,150 --> 00:22:21,110 instrument to see it we will continue 503 00:22:26,830 --> 00:22:24,160 work with the M cube data to try and 504 00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:26,840 work on detecting water at lower 505 00:22:33,070 --> 00:22:28,790 latitudes but the VINs in the Deep 506 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:33,080 Impact have an advantage here and you 507 00:22:36,070 --> 00:22:34,490 can see that we see more of the water 508 00:22:37,990 --> 00:22:36,080 band so we can better define it where 509 00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:38,000 the heat is coming out the moon is quite 510 00:22:42,430 --> 00:22:40,370 hot so these red dash lines on there are 511 00:22:45,310 --> 00:22:42,440 the thermal emission from the moon 512 00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:45,320 before we removed it from the spectra so 513 00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:47,030 we have to remove the heat before we can 514 00:22:52,180 --> 00:22:49,130 see the water well especially at the 515 00:22:54,370 --> 00:22:52,190 lower latitudes now M cube however has 516 00:22:56,230 --> 00:22:54,380 an advantage and that it's orbiting the 517 00:22:58,360 --> 00:22:56,240 moon so if we can go to the next slide 518 00:23:01,060 --> 00:22:58,370 we'll look at some of the 519 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:01,070 high-resolution data or the we've 520 00:23:06,220 --> 00:23:03,050 covered most of the moon at this kind of 521 00:23:09,010 --> 00:23:06,230 resolution 140 meters per pixel and this 522 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:09,020 is a small crater on the far side that's 523 00:23:15,850 --> 00:23:12,050 on the right or left hand side of the 524 00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:15,860 image here and on the left is shown just 525 00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:18,770 the infrared intensity but on the the 526 00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:21,110 right is shown or derived water 527 00:23:26,860 --> 00:23:24,500 abundance so we see this this meteor has 528 00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:26,870 come in probably within the last hundred 529 00:23:32,410 --> 00:23:29,690 million years and exploded the surface 530 00:23:35,950 --> 00:23:32,420 and spewed that material out onto the 531 00:23:38,110 --> 00:23:35,960 surface and we see that with M cube as a 532 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:38,120 water-rich ejecta blanket now that's 533 00:23:43,090 --> 00:23:40,490 only part of the story the the ejecta 534 00:23:45,130 --> 00:23:43,100 blanket and water rich nature of it goes 535 00:23:46,870 --> 00:23:45,140 in all directions but in the moment 536 00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:46,880 we're going to put on the hydroxyl and 537 00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:48,950 you'll see the hydroxyl doesn't go in 538 00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:51,290 all directions here well it just came up 539 00:23:57,280 --> 00:23:55,100 the hydroxyl comes out mainly at the one 540 00:24:01,200 --> 00:23:57,290 o'clock and seven o'clock position this 541 00:24:03,820 --> 00:24:01,210 is typical when a meteor comes in and it 542 00:24:05,620 --> 00:24:03,830 ejects material from the surface that is 543 00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:05,630 buried in the surface so if this 544 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:07,580 interpretation is correct and we'll be 545 00:24:14,980 --> 00:24:09,730 studying this further this implies that 546 00:24:17,290 --> 00:24:14,990 these recently fresh or young craters 547 00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:17,300 have excavated water and hydroxyl rich 548 00:24:22,270 --> 00:24:19,910 material in the surface and that implies 549 00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:22,280 that there is areas around the moon 550 00:24:26,860 --> 00:24:24,710 where there's more water than just on 551 00:24:28,610 --> 00:24:26,870 the surface we see a lot of these 552 00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:28,620 craters Carly showed some other in 553 00:24:32,450 --> 00:24:30,480 tations of some even even smaller ones 554 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:32,460 there are also craters that don't show 555 00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:34,890 this effect so there's a lot of 556 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:36,450 different interpretations to do and we 557 00:24:40,190 --> 00:24:37,770 have a lot of work to do to go through 558 00:24:42,110 --> 00:24:40,200 the M cubed data and perhaps future 559 00:24:45,890 --> 00:24:42,120 missions and with that alternate over to 560 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:45,900 Jessica thanks Roger I'm going to share 561 00:24:50,060 --> 00:24:47,850 with you the results from observations 562 00:24:54,170 --> 00:24:50,070 from the deep impact spacecraft since 563 00:24:56,360 --> 00:24:54,180 July 4th of 2005 and our successful 564 00:24:59,090 --> 00:24:56,370 impact experiment with the comet tempel 565 00:25:00,890 --> 00:24:59,100 1 well the deep impact team has been on 566 00:25:03,530 --> 00:25:00,900 an extended mission which will be 567 00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:03,540 culminating in just over a year from now 568 00:25:09,830 --> 00:25:08,250 in a flyby of the comet Hartley 2 along 569 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:09,840 the way we've made several observations 570 00:25:15,169 --> 00:25:13,530 of the moon for calibration purposes and 571 00:25:17,810 --> 00:25:15,179 while our spectrometer was obviously 572 00:25:20,630 --> 00:25:17,820 designed for commentary observations it 573 00:25:23,210 --> 00:25:20,640 is ideally suited for measuring the o.h 574 00:25:25,910 --> 00:25:23,220 and h2o absorption features that you've 575 00:25:30,560 --> 00:25:25,920 heard described at three microns so if I 576 00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:30,570 could have my first graph please I in 577 00:25:36,230 --> 00:25:32,850 purple on the left you see the location 578 00:25:38,270 --> 00:25:36,240 of data that we collected in 2007 over 579 00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:38,280 the equator and then in blue of the 580 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:40,710 northern polar regions that were 581 00:25:45,290 --> 00:25:43,170 collected this past June on the right 582 00:25:48,110 --> 00:25:45,300 you see the corresponding spectra and 583 00:25:51,620 --> 00:25:48,120 with the deep bet impact spectrometer we 584 00:25:53,690 --> 00:25:51,630 now unequivocally see the entire water 585 00:25:56,330 --> 00:25:53,700 and o.h absorption feature and that's 586 00:25:58,220 --> 00:25:56,340 the areas that are shaded the feature is 587 00:26:01,220 --> 00:25:58,230 relatively strong in the blue polar 588 00:26:03,320 --> 00:26:01,230 regions are whereas at the equator which 589 00:26:06,530 --> 00:26:03,330 is the data and purple which of course 590 00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:06,540 is much warmer there is still a distinct 591 00:26:12,140 --> 00:26:09,510 feature but it's much weaker now we can 592 00:26:13,910 --> 00:26:12,150 explore this variability in more detail 593 00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:13,920 looking at the full range of the data 594 00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:15,510 that was collected in june of this year 595 00:26:21,710 --> 00:26:17,510 and if i can have the next chart please 596 00:26:23,630 --> 00:26:21,720 on the left is a location image with 597 00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:23,640 Clementine data showing our vantage 598 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:25,740 point looking at the northern polar 599 00:26:31,630 --> 00:26:28,650 regions right next to it is a the black 600 00:26:33,830 --> 00:26:31,640 and white brightness image which is 601 00:26:37,070 --> 00:26:33,840 constructed from the Deep Impact spectra 602 00:26:39,050 --> 00:26:37,080 it shows you the two basic lunar 603 00:26:40,950 --> 00:26:39,060 materials the right highlands and the 604 00:26:43,139 --> 00:26:40,960 dark of volcanic Mario 605 00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:43,149 I should point out that we took this 606 00:26:48,510 --> 00:26:46,330 data from a vantage point of 8 million 607 00:26:50,610 --> 00:26:48,520 kilometers away which is a little bit 608 00:26:52,680 --> 00:26:50,620 different than M cubed which had an 609 00:26:55,409 --> 00:26:52,690 advantage of spatial resolution because 610 00:26:57,840 --> 00:26:55,419 chandrayaan-1 was in a hundred kilometer 611 00:27:01,500 --> 00:26:57,850 orbit above the moon which makes a great 612 00:27:03,210 --> 00:27:01,510 comparative data set in orange you see 613 00:27:06,330 --> 00:27:03,220 the temperature map that we derive from 614 00:27:07,710 --> 00:27:06,340 our data not surprisingly you can see 615 00:27:10,889 --> 00:27:07,720 that its warmest on the right because 616 00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:10,899 that's where the Sun is once we remove 617 00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:13,710 these thermal effects as Roger explained 618 00:27:18,659 --> 00:27:16,240 we can then measure the overall strength 619 00:27:20,580 --> 00:27:18,669 of the absorption features and you can 620 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:20,590 see there's significant variability in 621 00:27:26,490 --> 00:27:22,330 this water signature we have the 622 00:27:29,159 --> 00:27:26,500 strongest amounts of water on the left 623 00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:29,169 in red and the weakest on the right in 624 00:27:33,330 --> 00:27:30,970 blue and if you look at all three of 625 00:27:35,700 --> 00:27:33,340 these images together you can see that 626 00:27:38,549 --> 00:27:35,710 the water signature is not correlated to 627 00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:38,559 brightness it's not correlated to the 628 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:41,770 terrain types but it is very correlated 629 00:27:48,810 --> 00:27:45,610 to temperature so if I could have the 630 00:27:51,240 --> 00:27:48,820 next graphic please it turns out that we 631 00:27:53,789 --> 00:27:51,250 were very lucky in June because we 632 00:27:56,220 --> 00:27:53,799 happen to take observations twice on the 633 00:27:58,799 --> 00:27:56,230 second and the ninth and in that one 634 00:28:00,840 --> 00:27:58,809 week of terrestrial time which is a 635 00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:00,850 quarter of a day on the moon the moon 636 00:28:06,419 --> 00:28:04,210 rotated 90 degrees and this allows us to 637 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:06,429 look at the strength of the absorption 638 00:28:11,250 --> 00:28:09,010 features as a function of time of day so 639 00:28:14,190 --> 00:28:11,260 for example in the upper left you'll see 640 00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:14,200 a dark Mari region labeled M which is in 641 00:28:20,220 --> 00:28:16,450 the morning on jun 2nd it has just 642 00:28:22,740 --> 00:28:20,230 rotated into sunlight but on jun 9th on 643 00:28:26,700 --> 00:28:22,750 the lower left you can see that it is a 644 00:28:28,169 --> 00:28:26,710 near local loon similarly we can look at 645 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:28,179 one of the highland units which are 646 00:28:34,289 --> 00:28:31,090 labeled in h the in black and h they 647 00:28:36,870 --> 00:28:34,299 started on jun 2nd at noon but by the 648 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:36,880 ninth have now almost rotated out of 649 00:28:41,909 --> 00:28:40,210 sunlight and are in the evening and if 650 00:28:44,190 --> 00:28:41,919 we look at the spectral properties for 651 00:28:46,710 --> 00:28:44,200 example of this highlands unit we find 652 00:28:49,289 --> 00:28:46,720 some interesting results at noon shown 653 00:28:52,289 --> 00:28:49,299 in red and the on the right plot the 654 00:28:53,490 --> 00:28:52,299 absorption is relatively weak but in the 655 00:28:57,300 --> 00:28:53,500 evening we have a much strong 656 00:28:58,590 --> 00:28:57,310 3 micron absorption and there's also 657 00:29:01,080 --> 00:28:58,600 actually a difference in the change in 658 00:29:02,310 --> 00:29:01,090 shape and what we found we looked at all 659 00:29:05,490 --> 00:29:02,320 of our data was a very systematic 660 00:29:07,860 --> 00:29:05,500 pattern where we had strong absorptions 661 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:07,870 in the morning they weakened as we 662 00:29:12,150 --> 00:29:09,610 approach noon and then increased again 663 00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:12,160 in the afternoon and finally by evening 664 00:29:15,690 --> 00:29:14,290 had returned to the same steady state 665 00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:15,700 that they started with in the morning 666 00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:19,450 and so the important point here is that 667 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:23,860 we're seeing an entire cycle of loss and 668 00:29:29,610 --> 00:29:27,850 recovery of water features that's in 669 00:29:32,730 --> 00:29:29,620 current that's occurring during the 670 00:29:33,990 --> 00:29:32,740 daytime and in the next slide I'll try 671 00:29:37,290 --> 00:29:34,000 to give at least one explanation for 672 00:29:40,650 --> 00:29:37,300 what might be going on this is as a 673 00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:40,660 schematic illustrating just one possible 674 00:29:46,320 --> 00:29:44,710 explanation of our observations during 675 00:29:48,650 --> 00:29:46,330 the daytime the moon is exposed to the 676 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:48,660 solar wind which includes hydrogen ions 677 00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:51,370 so if you look on the lower left in the 678 00:29:57,060 --> 00:29:53,410 morning which is relatively cold the 679 00:29:58,950 --> 00:29:57,070 blue in the green areas the hydrogen 680 00:30:02,250 --> 00:29:58,960 ions are able to interact with the 681 00:30:05,670 --> 00:30:02,260 oxygen of the lunar soil to form an 682 00:30:07,980 --> 00:30:05,680 accumulate o.h and h2o molecules by noon 683 00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:07,990 in the center where the moon is its 684 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:10,570 warmest the red areas are their 685 00:30:15,660 --> 00:30:13,810 significant water loss then as the moon 686 00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:15,670 cools down towards evening it's able to 687 00:30:21,540 --> 00:30:17,890 once again interact with the solar wind 688 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:21,550 and accumulate water and h2o molecules 689 00:30:27,750 --> 00:30:23,410 and we end up at the same place that we 690 00:30:30,510 --> 00:30:27,760 started in the morning this cycle means 691 00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:30,520 a number of things one of which is that 692 00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:32,290 regardless of the location or the 693 00:30:36,870 --> 00:30:34,510 terrain type the entire surface de Lune 694 00:30:41,070 --> 00:30:36,880 will be hydrated during during at least 695 00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:41,080 part of the lunar day I'd also like to 696 00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:44,440 note that if this is actually the 697 00:30:47,790 --> 00:30:46,210 explanation for the water signature that 698 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:47,800 we've all been talking about and it may 699 00:30:53,970 --> 00:30:51,130 not be but if it is this same process 700 00:30:56,310 --> 00:30:53,980 would cause the similar hydration 701 00:30:59,340 --> 00:30:56,320 effects throughout the own inner solar 702 00:31:00,990 --> 00:30:59,350 system on any oxygen rich body that 703 00:31:03,390 --> 00:31:01,000 doesn't have an atmosphere and that 704 00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:03,400 would include for example mercury and 705 00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:05,890 many asteroids and with that I'll pass 706 00:31:11,010 --> 00:31:07,510 it back to Jim thank you very much 707 00:31:12,780 --> 00:31:11,020 Jessica so as you can see there's a new 708 00:31:15,690 --> 00:31:12,790 dimension in the water story about the 709 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:15,700 moon we've discussed things that aren't 710 00:31:22,050 --> 00:31:18,610 in permanently shadowed craters however 711 00:31:24,660 --> 00:31:22,060 we find that there are a number of 712 00:31:26,610 --> 00:31:24,670 important scientific results that we 713 00:31:29,370 --> 00:31:26,620 need to make sure get stated 714 00:31:32,750 --> 00:31:29,380 appropriately so the takeaway message is 715 00:31:36,510 --> 00:31:32,760 this the observations presented here 716 00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:36,520 show a combination of hydroxyl o-h and 717 00:31:42,540 --> 00:31:40,450 h2o that resides in the upper millimeter 718 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:42,550 or a few millimetres of the lunar 719 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:45,490 surface the average amount of water 720 00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:48,010 reported if we were to extract it is 721 00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:51,250 about as Roger mentioned a quart of 722 00:31:58,530 --> 00:31:56,170 water per ton so as another analogy for 723 00:32:04,320 --> 00:31:58,540 a thousand pounds that would be 16 724 00:32:07,830 --> 00:32:04,330 ounces of water also as I mentioned for 725 00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:07,840 a thousand pounds of the equator that 726 00:32:13,130 --> 00:32:10,480 would be 2t tablespoons of water as 727 00:32:15,930 --> 00:32:13,140 observed from the Apollo perspective 728 00:32:18,210 --> 00:32:15,940 from a scientific perspective the 729 00:32:20,250 --> 00:32:18,220 difference between the northern regions 730 00:32:23,310 --> 00:32:20,260 with this amount of water and the 731 00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:23,320 equatorial regions are truly astounding 732 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:25,330 and are generating much scientific 733 00:32:32,970 --> 00:32:28,570 excitement however please keep this in 734 00:32:35,790 --> 00:32:32,980 mind that even the driest deserts in the 735 00:32:38,160 --> 00:32:35,800 earth have more water than are at the 736 00:32:42,060 --> 00:32:38,170 poles and the surfaces as we've 737 00:32:44,700 --> 00:32:42,070 presented here of the moon currently 738 00:32:48,270 --> 00:32:44,710 there are no complete explanations for 739 00:32:50,669 --> 00:32:48,280 this phenomena and I'm sure the 740 00:32:52,410 --> 00:32:50,679 observations from M cubed and other 741 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:52,420 spacecraft in the next several years 742 00:32:56,310 --> 00:32:54,610 will continue to bring out more 743 00:32:59,160 --> 00:32:56,320 questions that need to be answered about 744 00:33:02,190 --> 00:32:59,170 this phenomenon and this will be studied 745 00:33:04,950 --> 00:33:02,200 for many years to come and with that 746 00:33:05,730 --> 00:33:04,960 doing thank you all okay what we're 747 00:33:07,860 --> 00:33:05,740 going to do we're going to offer 748 00:33:09,750 --> 00:33:07,870 questions and we have a number of media 749 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:09,760 on the phone line so we'll go to the 750 00:33:14,250 --> 00:33:11,650 Ames Research Center and then we'll take 751 00:33:17,230 --> 00:33:14,260 calls on the phone line so we will go 752 00:33:24,380 --> 00:33:20,720 hi this is a Mike Swift reporter with 753 00:33:27,110 --> 00:33:24,390 the San Jose Mercury News the el cross 754 00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:27,120 spacecraft is uh scheduled to impact the 755 00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:30,450 moon on october 9th i believe um what 756 00:33:35,390 --> 00:33:32,610 more do you expect to learn from that 757 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:35,400 mission in terms of either the quantity 758 00:33:41,630 --> 00:33:38,010 or the state of water in the polar 759 00:33:44,990 --> 00:33:41,640 regions of the moon given me finding 760 00:33:47,570 --> 00:33:45,000 this is dwayne we have with us our 761 00:33:50,570 --> 00:33:47,580 exploration officials so we're going to 762 00:33:53,810 --> 00:33:50,580 give them the mic and identify yourself 763 00:33:55,430 --> 00:33:53,820 and can respond to that please yeah i'm 764 00:33:57,850 --> 00:33:55,440 michael wacha and the chief lunar 765 00:34:00,049 --> 00:33:57,860 scientists for exploration systems and 766 00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:00,059 we're really excited about the results 767 00:34:06,380 --> 00:34:03,210 that we're hearing today and as the 768 00:34:09,710 --> 00:34:06,390 question indicated we're conducting an 769 00:34:12,710 --> 00:34:09,720 experiment on october 9th that will look 770 00:34:14,750 --> 00:34:12,720 at the potential for water and one of 771 00:34:17,690 --> 00:34:14,760 the permanently shadowed craters on the 772 00:34:20,750 --> 00:34:17,700 moon South Pole one of the differences 773 00:34:21,980 --> 00:34:20,760 though is that the way in which week 774 00:34:25,129 --> 00:34:21,990 we're going to be conducting that 775 00:34:27,589 --> 00:34:25,139 experiment is it's going to excavate the 776 00:34:30,409 --> 00:34:27,599 lunar surface go through that upper 777 00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:30,419 surface and down on the order of a meter 778 00:34:37,099 --> 00:34:33,690 or so to look at the potential 779 00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:37,109 distribution of water ice and other 780 00:34:43,220 --> 00:34:40,770 volatile in the upper meter or two of 781 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:43,230 the of the lunar surface so different 782 00:34:50,180 --> 00:34:45,690 kind of question that were that we're 783 00:34:51,889 --> 00:34:50,190 answering and the water question for the 784 00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:51,899 moon is a complex one I think we're 785 00:34:58,490 --> 00:34:54,810 hearing that today and just because 786 00:35:00,680 --> 00:34:58,500 there is water at the surface at the mid 787 00:35:02,660 --> 00:35:00,690 and high latitudes doesn't mean that it 788 00:35:05,599 --> 00:35:02,670 can't exist as water ice in the 789 00:35:08,510 --> 00:35:05,609 permanently shadowed regions in fact we 790 00:35:09,950 --> 00:35:08,520 heard today was a potential explanation 791 00:35:12,170 --> 00:35:09,960 for how the water gets into those 792 00:35:15,650 --> 00:35:12,180 permanently shadowed regions so these 793 00:35:18,070 --> 00:35:15,660 are really complementary experiments 794 00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:18,080 that are being done and it shows how 795 00:35:23,570 --> 00:35:20,490 exploration enables science and science 796 00:35:26,660 --> 00:35:23,580 enables exploration here so a NASA 797 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:26,670 together is moving forward on the on 798 00:35:30,140 --> 00:35:28,890 helping to answer the water question for 799 00:35:31,370 --> 00:35:30,150 the moon thank you 800 00:35:34,730 --> 00:35:31,380 I are we going to go to the phone lines 801 00:35:40,519 --> 00:35:34,740 now and we have Clara from space com 802 00:35:42,589 --> 00:35:40,529 Sarah hi I was hoping you could talk a 803 00:35:44,990 --> 00:35:42,599 little bit more about series for the 804 00:35:47,569 --> 00:35:45,000 origin of this water does the recent 805 00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:47,579 findings indicate more that the solar 806 00:35:56,750 --> 00:35:50,490 wind origin might be a better idea than 807 00:36:00,260 --> 00:35:56,760 cometary impacts I can address this this 808 00:36:02,990 --> 00:36:00,270 is Roger Clarke I don't think so at this 809 00:36:05,329 --> 00:36:03,000 point I mean there's many models out 810 00:36:08,180 --> 00:36:05,339 there and probably to some degree they 811 00:36:09,980 --> 00:36:08,190 all are in in play and it's more a 812 00:36:12,829 --> 00:36:09,990 matter of working out what the 813 00:36:16,279 --> 00:36:12,839 proportions are so yeah it's too early 814 00:36:17,720 --> 00:36:16,289 to tell maybe it's likely there won't 815 00:36:19,569 --> 00:36:17,730 this Robert Greene it's likely there 816 00:36:24,349 --> 00:36:19,579 will not just be a single mechanism and 817 00:36:28,569 --> 00:36:24,359 just to echo what Roger is saying okay 818 00:36:34,329 --> 00:36:28,579 well now go to Keith Cowen on the phone 819 00:36:39,019 --> 00:36:36,650 question you have had two other space 820 00:36:41,750 --> 00:36:39,029 went by the room making observations one 821 00:36:43,370 --> 00:36:41,760 in November of 2008 and another way back 822 00:36:45,289 --> 00:36:43,380 in nineteen ninety nine given that 823 00:36:48,049 --> 00:36:45,299 you're treating both of these as being 824 00:36:50,289 --> 00:36:48,059 cooperative to the or recent data why 825 00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:50,299 wasn't at least the information from 826 00:36:55,539 --> 00:36:52,890 Deep Impact published to released to the 827 00:36:58,220 --> 00:36:55,549 public why did you sit on this through 828 00:37:03,410 --> 00:36:58,230 this is I see Annalise is most certainly 829 00:37:05,450 --> 00:37:03,420 my any information or not he's back in 830 00:37:06,710 --> 00:37:05,460 nineteen ninety nine or tooth out let me 831 00:37:09,349 --> 00:37:06,720 start with deep impact I don't have 832 00:37:11,480 --> 00:37:09,359 Roger talk about times daily he broke up 833 00:37:13,789 --> 00:37:11,490 so much please restate a quick i think 834 00:37:16,099 --> 00:37:13,799 that Shore answer i think he was asking 835 00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:16,109 that why given that some of the deep 836 00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:18,510 impact data dates back to 2007 and the 837 00:37:24,049 --> 00:37:21,510 cassini database packs in 1999 haven't 838 00:37:26,420 --> 00:37:24,059 we been talking about it before the 839 00:37:29,180 --> 00:37:26,430 answer for deep impact is that in the 840 00:37:31,789 --> 00:37:29,190 data we collected at 2007 was over the 841 00:37:34,359 --> 00:37:31,799 equator and as you saw it's an extremely 842 00:37:36,620 --> 00:37:34,369 weak feature we weren't looking at it 843 00:37:39,620 --> 00:37:36,630 for anything but calibration purposes 844 00:37:41,530 --> 00:37:39,630 and it wasn't until after we actually 845 00:37:44,150 --> 00:37:41,540 recalibrated the instrument with them 846 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:44,160 2009 data which remember we took for 847 00:37:47,720 --> 00:37:46,170 calibration purposes that were able to 848 00:37:50,510 --> 00:37:47,730 go back and see that very weak feature 849 00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:50,520 in 2007 which is a long way of saying is 850 00:37:54,710 --> 00:37:53,610 we didn't know it until very recently in 851 00:37:57,440 --> 00:37:54,720 fact it was the last thing that was 852 00:37:59,960 --> 00:37:57,450 added to the paper now what Roger amps 853 00:38:02,660 --> 00:37:59,970 for crostini okay Cassini flew by the 854 00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:02,670 earth in August 99 to do a gravity 855 00:38:07,430 --> 00:38:04,770 assist we were able to turn on the 856 00:38:09,230 --> 00:38:07,440 spacecraft for a brief time to acquire 857 00:38:11,870 --> 00:38:09,240 data as we went by the moon and in fact 858 00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:11,880 we also intended it for calibration 859 00:38:17,930 --> 00:38:14,760 purposes but we had no other calibration 860 00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:17,940 data until we were approaching Saturn in 861 00:38:23,570 --> 00:38:21,420 2004 when we started our looks at stars 862 00:38:26,360 --> 00:38:23,580 and we also have a solar port so we're 863 00:38:29,660 --> 00:38:26,370 looking at the Sun every spacecraft that 864 00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:29,670 is launched from the earth when it's 865 00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:31,350 made in the lab there's so much water 866 00:38:35,870 --> 00:38:32,930 around the earth and water is such a 867 00:38:38,270 --> 00:38:35,880 sticky molecule that it sticks to all 868 00:38:39,980 --> 00:38:38,280 the surfaces so every spacecraft that's 869 00:38:42,650 --> 00:38:39,990 out there right now at the moment has 870 00:38:45,260 --> 00:38:42,660 water all over the spacecraft sticking 871 00:38:47,120 --> 00:38:45,270 to it and spectrometers can see that and 872 00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:47,130 it's a quite a challenge to calibrate 873 00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:49,170 the spectrometers so we're not seeing 874 00:38:55,580 --> 00:38:52,350 water everywhere so it took from 2004 875 00:38:59,050 --> 00:38:55,590 through 2008 to acquire the data on 876 00:39:01,010 --> 00:38:59,060 Cassini to calibrate out the the 877 00:39:03,380 --> 00:39:01,020 signatures of water we were actually 878 00:39:04,970 --> 00:39:03,390 seeing stars with water in them which we 879 00:39:07,190 --> 00:39:04,980 knew was not correct and we traced it 880 00:39:09,860 --> 00:39:07,200 down to the calibration of the 881 00:39:11,990 --> 00:39:09,870 instrument and so it wasn't until last 882 00:39:13,970 --> 00:39:12,000 summer that the calibration was good 883 00:39:16,070 --> 00:39:13,980 enough and the first papers with this 884 00:39:19,160 --> 00:39:16,080 new calibration or have been submitted 885 00:39:22,340 --> 00:39:19,170 only starting in January so it's really 886 00:39:24,050 --> 00:39:22,350 been a calibration issue okay the next 887 00:39:33,140 --> 00:39:24,060 question is from andrea thompson from 888 00:39:36,140 --> 00:39:33,150 space com how it's thought that this 889 00:39:37,490 --> 00:39:36,150 water might sort of be mobile and moved 890 00:39:40,490 --> 00:39:37,500 to the polls and I'm not sure I quite 891 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:40,500 understand how that might work could you 892 00:39:45,830 --> 00:39:41,610 repeat the first part of your question 893 00:39:47,570 --> 00:39:45,840 again please oh yeah sorry I was 894 00:39:49,820 --> 00:39:47,580 wondering if you could explain the how 895 00:39:51,470 --> 00:39:49,830 you think that the water molecules are 896 00:39:52,260 --> 00:39:51,480 mobile and how they might be moving to 897 00:39:58,500 --> 00:39:52,270 the pole that 898 00:40:01,050 --> 00:39:58,510 quite get how that would work I'm sure 899 00:40:02,250 --> 00:40:01,060 I'll take a stab at this um this is one 900 00:40:06,870 --> 00:40:02,260 of the questions that we would like to 901 00:40:10,020 --> 00:40:06,880 have addressed as well as you've seen 902 00:40:11,880 --> 00:40:10,030 this is an entirely new phenomena that 903 00:40:14,940 --> 00:40:11,890 has not been studied in great detail 904 00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:14,950 until we had conclusive evidence that it 905 00:40:20,250 --> 00:40:18,370 even existed some of the things we do 906 00:40:25,140 --> 00:40:20,260 not know is what is the relative 907 00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:25,150 proportion of water and hydroxyl we have 908 00:40:30,810 --> 00:40:28,240 very strong indications that some of 909 00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:30,820 this is time varying both in the M cube 910 00:40:35,370 --> 00:40:33,250 data and the Deep Impact data but we 911 00:40:37,890 --> 00:40:35,380 don't know in what way it's varying is 912 00:40:40,350 --> 00:40:37,900 it mobile or is it being created and 913 00:40:42,570 --> 00:40:40,360 destroyed on a rapid manner we simply do 914 00:40:45,210 --> 00:40:42,580 not know these issues it's intriguing 915 00:40:47,790 --> 00:40:45,220 and we certainly want to go back and try 916 00:40:49,890 --> 00:40:47,800 to identify what is needed to address 917 00:40:52,740 --> 00:40:49,900 those very questions we have to 918 00:40:55,680 --> 00:40:52,750 understand the physics of this silicate 919 00:41:00,870 --> 00:40:55,690 surface and the vacuum around it which 920 00:41:03,240 --> 00:41:00,880 is awash with solar wind particles micro 921 00:41:05,820 --> 00:41:03,250 meteorites this is an environment and 922 00:41:09,110 --> 00:41:05,830 interface that we know very little about 923 00:41:11,940 --> 00:41:09,120 and the physics is just in its infancy 924 00:41:14,580 --> 00:41:11,950 well I can address a little more on that 925 00:41:17,120 --> 00:41:14,590 this phenomenon is actually observed a 926 00:41:20,580 --> 00:41:17,130 couple of places in the solar system 927 00:41:22,380 --> 00:41:20,590 basically the idea is that where it's 928 00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:22,390 hot water molecules will tend to 929 00:41:26,370 --> 00:41:24,580 evaporate and gravity they'll fly off 930 00:41:28,440 --> 00:41:26,380 the surface and gravity will pull them 931 00:41:30,420 --> 00:41:28,450 back down so they're the molecules are 932 00:41:32,700 --> 00:41:30,430 hopping around if they're not swept away 933 00:41:35,010 --> 00:41:32,710 by a magnetic field or solar wind or 934 00:41:37,770 --> 00:41:35,020 something so where it's colder the 935 00:41:39,720 --> 00:41:37,780 molecules will stick longer so as the 936 00:41:41,220 --> 00:41:39,730 molecules bounce around when it gets to 937 00:41:44,990 --> 00:41:41,230 the cold polar regions they'll stay 938 00:41:47,280 --> 00:41:45,000 there we observe a frost buildup on 939 00:41:49,470 --> 00:41:47,290 satellite of Jupiter Ganymede now 940 00:41:54,210 --> 00:41:49,480 Voyager got some very nice pictures of 941 00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:54,220 those the saturn moon Iapetus has a very 942 00:41:58,380 --> 00:41:56,410 dark hemisphere and it looks like water 943 00:42:01,550 --> 00:41:58,390 has migrated to the polls so we see this 944 00:42:04,980 --> 00:42:01,560 kind of migration in on other body so 945 00:42:07,020 --> 00:42:04,990 it's just a surprise to see it 946 00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:07,030 working at the moon Anna I would like to 947 00:42:11,460 --> 00:42:08,970 have this is jessica sun shining that um 948 00:42:13,109 --> 00:42:11,470 it's just a hypothesis that it's 949 00:42:15,330 --> 00:42:13,119 migrating we have no evidence of that 950 00:42:17,190 --> 00:42:15,340 it's very well unknown one of the 951 00:42:19,140 --> 00:42:17,200 variables we didn't talk about is that 952 00:42:21,660 --> 00:42:19,150 water photo dissociates very quickly 953 00:42:23,940 --> 00:42:21,670 certainly within the terrestrial day on 954 00:42:25,230 --> 00:42:23,950 the moon and so there's a lot of what 955 00:42:26,940 --> 00:42:25,240 you're hearing here is basically there's 956 00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:26,950 a lot of unknowns that we need to work 957 00:42:31,830 --> 00:42:29,050 out to try to explain what I think is a 958 00:42:33,390 --> 00:42:31,840 tremendous set of observations there are 959 00:42:34,980 --> 00:42:33,400 many more that Rob green there are many 960 00:42:37,080 --> 00:42:34,990 more questions to date and we had six 961 00:42:39,840 --> 00:42:37,090 months ago and and there's going to be a 962 00:42:41,910 --> 00:42:39,850 lot of work as jim has said over years 963 00:42:45,270 --> 00:42:41,920 and probably decades understanding this 964 00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:45,280 phenomena and following up on it the 965 00:42:51,990 --> 00:42:47,770 next call is from ken Kramer for us from 966 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:52,000 space flight magazine Kim ah hi thank 967 00:42:55,380 --> 00:42:54,010 you very much for taking my call yes I 968 00:42:57,720 --> 00:42:55,390 wonder if you could describe a little 969 00:43:00,120 --> 00:42:57,730 bit more the mechanism of this water 970 00:43:03,420 --> 00:43:00,130 formation by the solar wind are you 971 00:43:05,910 --> 00:43:03,430 conducting any lab experiments and was 972 00:43:08,580 --> 00:43:05,920 this hypothesized before you got this 973 00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:08,590 data at all and a second question is 974 00:43:18,990 --> 00:43:12,130 there any what is the follow up with LR 975 00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:19,000 0 and deep impact thank you says you 976 00:43:22,980 --> 00:43:21,490 want to i'm certainly not doing any lab 977 00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:22,990 work yet we haven't had time I don't 978 00:43:27,210 --> 00:43:25,150 know about you the rest of you guys at 979 00:43:28,620 --> 00:43:27,220 we just said I think most of the first 980 00:43:31,170 --> 00:43:28,630 question which is we don't really know 981 00:43:33,180 --> 00:43:31,180 what's going on yet and by we we mean 982 00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:33,190 the broad community and we certainly 983 00:43:37,790 --> 00:43:34,930 need more expertise than sitting in 984 00:43:40,980 --> 00:43:37,800 front of you to answer these questions 985 00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:40,990 to answer your GV m cut deep impact 986 00:43:45,599 --> 00:43:43,090 question we have sadly made our last 987 00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:45,609 observation of the moon after we've done 988 00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:47,890 our last gravity assist happily that's 989 00:43:52,950 --> 00:43:50,050 put us towards our primary target 990 00:43:57,780 --> 00:43:52,960 Hartley 2 but we will be able to do any 991 00:44:02,099 --> 00:43:57,790 more observations here hydrogen has been 992 00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:02,109 found to come off the Apollo samples and 993 00:44:07,770 --> 00:44:04,210 it has solar wind has been hypothesized 994 00:44:11,609 --> 00:44:07,780 to be trapped in in the lunar regolith 995 00:44:13,830 --> 00:44:11,619 so in the soil so you know we expect at 996 00:44:17,460 --> 00:44:13,840 least some of the signal to be due to 997 00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:17,470 that effect next question is from 998 00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:18,850 Charles rotli it 999 00:44:28,590 --> 00:44:25,450 examiner.com Charles hello tell fredley 1000 00:44:31,950 --> 00:44:28,600 I'm interested in the diurnal variation 1001 00:44:34,530 --> 00:44:31,960 that was observed by deep impact the 1002 00:44:36,530 --> 00:44:34,540 lower absorption during the day and the 1003 00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:36,540 higher absorption of the dawn and dusk 1004 00:44:41,490 --> 00:44:39,010 have you noticed any difference between 1005 00:44:45,180 --> 00:44:41,500 the dawn and dusk side and might 1006 00:44:47,670 --> 00:44:45,190 indicate if the accumulation is 1007 00:44:49,470 --> 00:44:47,680 continuously in the 14 de Luna night you 1008 00:44:52,650 --> 00:44:49,480 might expect to see more on the door 1009 00:44:56,310 --> 00:44:52,660 inside right uh that's a very good 1010 00:44:57,780 --> 00:44:56,320 question the answer is we within our 1011 00:45:00,750 --> 00:44:57,790 detectability we don't see a difference 1012 00:45:02,460 --> 00:45:00,760 between morning and evening we don't see 1013 00:45:04,320 --> 00:45:02,470 an accumulation at night which you might 1014 00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:04,330 expect if condensation was going on for 1015 00:45:09,390 --> 00:45:07,810 example ah and that is what drove us to 1016 00:45:13,140 --> 00:45:09,400 this concept that we had a cycle that 1017 00:45:14,550 --> 00:45:13,150 was going on during the day okay we're 1018 00:45:16,590 --> 00:45:14,560 gonna come back to NASA headquarters 1019 00:45:19,470 --> 00:45:16,600 with a question sir can you give your 1020 00:45:21,720 --> 00:45:19,480 name and affiliation and John Mulligan 1021 00:45:24,450 --> 00:45:21,730 from the Providence Journal for dr. 1022 00:45:26,550 --> 00:45:24,460 Peters I wonder if you could take us 1023 00:45:29,760 --> 00:45:26,560 back to November and relive for us the 1024 00:45:32,190 --> 00:45:29,770 moment when this information began to 1025 00:45:33,930 --> 00:45:32,200 arrive where were you and what were you 1026 00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:33,940 doing how long did it take to apprehend 1027 00:45:42,450 --> 00:45:37,110 what was happening what did you feel 1028 00:45:45,840 --> 00:45:42,460 there's a lot in that question actually 1029 00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:45,850 both Rob and I were at in banglore when 1030 00:45:51,780 --> 00:45:48,250 the data first started arriving and when 1031 00:45:54,210 --> 00:45:51,790 we saw the first image we were elated uh 1032 00:45:56,220 --> 00:45:54,220 were tears in her eyes we saw that first 1033 00:45:59,700 --> 00:45:56,230 image come back it's a long ride and 1034 00:46:04,340 --> 00:45:59,710 then through the 10 months the data have 1035 00:46:13,260 --> 00:46:04,350 been acquired obviously the Israel 1036 00:46:16,530 --> 00:46:13,270 operations played a incredibly a crucial 1037 00:46:19,050 --> 00:46:16,540 role in carrying out this successfully 1038 00:46:20,730 --> 00:46:19,060 but we do as Rob had mentioned I have 1039 00:46:22,770 --> 00:46:20,740 ninety percent of the surface of the 1040 00:46:26,340 --> 00:46:22,780 Moon covered at the kind of resolutions 1041 00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:26,350 that you were looking at today getting 1042 00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:30,610 back to the water itself when the mq 1043 00:46:35,790 --> 00:46:32,770 team first saw 1044 00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:35,800 this signal in our data we like most 1045 00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:39,010 other teams before us had immediately 1046 00:46:45,210 --> 00:46:41,410 assumed oh this is calibration it's not 1047 00:46:47,130 --> 00:46:45,220 possible the moon doesn't do this but as 1048 00:46:50,430 --> 00:46:47,140 we discuss further and when Roger 1049 00:46:55,770 --> 00:46:50,440 brought in the vims data to to to show 1050 00:46:58,730 --> 00:46:55,780 us it became clear as the M cube data 1051 00:47:00,810 --> 00:46:58,740 accumulated the vim data became stronger 1052 00:47:03,960 --> 00:47:00,820 this was something we could not ignore 1053 00:47:07,890 --> 00:47:03,970 and within our team we spent months 1054 00:47:10,620 --> 00:47:07,900 trying to find what was wrong i disprove 1055 00:47:12,840 --> 00:47:10,630 that I did disprove it clearly there 1056 00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:12,850 must be something we've overlooked we 1057 00:47:17,580 --> 00:47:14,890 tried everything and we could not find 1058 00:47:21,470 --> 00:47:17,590 anything wrong with either our data or 1059 00:47:24,570 --> 00:47:21,480 the VINs data and by that time we about 1060 00:47:25,830 --> 00:47:24,580 decided okay we should start really 1061 00:47:29,070 --> 00:47:25,840 start writing and prepare for 1062 00:47:30,750 --> 00:47:29,080 publication will still put a caveat in 1063 00:47:33,570 --> 00:47:30,760 there because maybe there's something 1064 00:47:35,550 --> 00:47:33,580 that we just haven't thought about but 1065 00:47:38,270 --> 00:47:35,560 then Jessica reminded us well you know 1066 00:47:41,820 --> 00:47:38,280 deep impact is having this calibration a 1067 00:47:45,540 --> 00:47:41,830 flyby amen we'll be able to look at the 1068 00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:45,550 moon and okay so they did and Jessica 1069 00:47:51,650 --> 00:47:48,610 got the deep impact team to process that 1070 00:47:54,750 --> 00:47:51,660 date a real fast for this problem and 1071 00:47:56,970 --> 00:47:54,760 the rest is history now it is completely 1072 00:48:01,680 --> 00:47:56,980 conclusive there is no question 1073 00:48:04,050 --> 00:48:01,690 whatsoever um and here we are okay we 1074 00:48:06,090 --> 00:48:04,060 have time for maybe a question or two 1075 00:48:07,530 --> 00:48:06,100 we've got to reconfigure for another 1076 00:48:10,710 --> 00:48:07,540 event here so we're going to go back to 1077 00:48:17,070 --> 00:48:10,720 the phone line James Dean from Florida 1078 00:48:19,110 --> 00:48:17,080 today hi thanks other than as a resource 1079 00:48:20,010 --> 00:48:19,120 that astronauts might be able to use is 1080 00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:20,020 just wondering if you could speak a 1081 00:48:24,180 --> 00:48:22,210 little bit to the what the the key 1082 00:48:26,940 --> 00:48:24,190 implication of this is finding of more 1083 00:48:29,970 --> 00:48:26,950 widespread water is is it say something 1084 00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:29,980 about it more about the understand the 1085 00:48:33,690 --> 00:48:31,930 formation of the moon or just suggest 1086 00:48:37,140 --> 00:48:33,700 new possibilities for life and other 1087 00:48:40,650 --> 00:48:37,150 places we probably will have four 1088 00:48:43,370 --> 00:48:40,660 different answers to that let me let me 1089 00:48:46,249 --> 00:48:43,380 start out this is Carly 1090 00:48:50,079 --> 00:48:46,259 Oh first thing we need to know is what 1091 00:48:55,630 --> 00:48:50,089 the source of this this water and h2o is 1092 00:48:58,549 --> 00:48:55,640 is it solar wind is it comet is it 1093 00:49:00,920 --> 00:48:58,559 meteorites that have accumulate on is it 1094 00:49:04,009 --> 00:49:00,930 from the interior there is a possibility 1095 00:49:06,529 --> 00:49:04,019 that degassing from the interior from 1096 00:49:08,779 --> 00:49:06,539 time to time we simply don't know and 1097 00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:08,789 those are fundamental science questions 1098 00:49:16,759 --> 00:49:10,890 that we need to understand about this 1099 00:49:20,029 --> 00:49:16,769 silicate body yeah I think I'll let 1100 00:49:23,390 --> 00:49:20,039 Jessica pick up the next hi I think you 1101 00:49:25,099 --> 00:49:23,400 did a good job early ah but it does have 1102 00:49:28,039 --> 00:49:25,109 implications this is Jim Green as 1103 00:49:29,690 --> 00:49:28,049 Jessica mentioned in other thank nearly 1104 00:49:32,839 --> 00:49:29,700 airless bodies in our solar system 1105 00:49:35,779 --> 00:49:32,849 that's also quite exciting thank you yes 1106 00:49:40,309 --> 00:49:35,789 but it's also important because here's 1107 00:49:42,920 --> 00:49:40,319 an discovery of a couple of ways one 1108 00:49:47,059 --> 00:49:42,930 it's a method that we can use to find 1109 00:49:49,599 --> 00:49:47,069 water from orbit or on the ground with 1110 00:49:52,970 --> 00:49:49,609 Landers I mean astronauts can use 1111 00:49:54,710 --> 00:49:52,980 instruments like these Rovers all kinds 1112 00:49:57,680 --> 00:49:54,720 of instruments could be used to search 1113 00:50:00,200 --> 00:49:57,690 for water in these hot environments do 1114 00:50:02,599 --> 00:50:00,210 probing of all kinds of things just not 1115 00:50:04,490 --> 00:50:02,609 just the moon all all instruments we do 1116 00:50:07,160 --> 00:50:04,500 have imaging spectrometers around a lot 1117 00:50:10,220 --> 00:50:07,170 of objects now but for the moon it's 1118 00:50:12,009 --> 00:50:10,230 important because before this press 1119 00:50:15,410 --> 00:50:12,019 conference and before our colleagues 1120 00:50:18,109 --> 00:50:15,420 have learned about our papers this was 1121 00:50:20,359 --> 00:50:18,119 thought to be impossible to have water 1122 00:50:22,549 --> 00:50:20,369 on the surface of the Moon in hot 1123 00:50:24,529 --> 00:50:22,559 sunlight you know especially at the 1124 00:50:27,230 --> 00:50:24,539 equator let alone the higher latitudes 1125 00:50:29,569 --> 00:50:27,240 so it's a really profound discovery 1126 00:50:32,240 --> 00:50:29,579 could I have a small addendum because I 1127 00:50:34,819 --> 00:50:32,250 just thought of another one and that is 1128 00:50:36,680 --> 00:50:34,829 that that most of us are geologists and 1129 00:50:39,559 --> 00:50:36,690 we get very excited about how planets 1130 00:50:41,359 --> 00:50:39,569 form and evolve but but this phenomenon 1131 00:50:45,170 --> 00:50:41,369 clearly has to be a marriage between 1132 00:50:46,910 --> 00:50:45,180 geology and space physics and and and 1133 00:50:49,039 --> 00:50:46,920 and this is going to be a really 1134 00:50:51,920 --> 00:50:49,049 productive interaction over the next few 1135 00:50:53,509 --> 00:50:51,930 years okay time for one more question on 1136 00:50:58,650 --> 00:50:53,519 the phone line Raphael Jaffe from 1137 00:51:06,130 --> 00:51:03,550 yes question I guess for Jim Green do I 1138 00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:06,140 understand correctly that mq is like a 1139 00:51:13,480 --> 00:51:10,310 passenger on an ndn of satellite that is 1140 00:51:17,320 --> 00:51:13,490 surveying the moon and the associated 1141 00:51:20,110 --> 00:51:17,330 one is is a similar instrument on nasa's 1142 00:51:24,940 --> 00:51:20,120 current lunar reconnaissance orbiter 1143 00:51:29,260 --> 00:51:24,950 which i believe is even now mapping the 1144 00:51:30,720 --> 00:51:29,270 moon and more detail yes I'll take part 1145 00:51:35,170 --> 00:51:30,730 of that question this is Jim Green 1146 00:51:37,180 --> 00:51:35,180 indeed nasa has opportunities that we 1147 00:51:39,730 --> 00:51:37,190 call missions of opportunity for which 1148 00:51:42,910 --> 00:51:39,740 individual investigators may propose and 1149 00:51:46,330 --> 00:51:42,920 if their proposal is scientifically the 1150 00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:46,340 best can be selected build those 1151 00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:49,010 instruments to fly on other agency 1152 00:51:56,770 --> 00:51:52,910 spacecraft and in so and indeed M cubed 1153 00:52:01,660 --> 00:51:56,780 is a guest instrument on the CH and Ryan 1154 00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:01,670 one spacecraft built by Israel in terms 1155 00:52:07,390 --> 00:52:04,610 of LR 0 that is an exploration systems 1156 00:52:13,210 --> 00:52:07,400 Mission Directorate mission and Mike 1157 00:52:15,910 --> 00:52:13,220 does does LRO have an M cubed well nASA 1158 00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:15,920 has an M cubed and of course we're going 1159 00:52:20,560 --> 00:52:17,510 to be taking advantage of all of the 1160 00:52:22,870 --> 00:52:20,570 data that's coming back the science 1161 00:52:26,020 --> 00:52:22,880 Mission Directorate invited me during 1162 00:52:28,210 --> 00:52:26,030 the review process to be looking at m2 1163 00:52:30,820 --> 00:52:28,220 for its value to exploration and that's 1164 00:52:33,570 --> 00:52:30,830 just perfectly clear on LRO we have 1165 00:52:36,370 --> 00:52:33,580 complimentary instruments that are also 1166 00:52:39,040 --> 00:52:36,380 addressing the is there water on the 1167 00:52:41,980 --> 00:52:39,050 moon question looking in different 1168 00:52:43,960 --> 00:52:41,990 wavelengths than the infrared and 1169 00:52:46,690 --> 00:52:43,970 far-infrared we have a lyman-alpha 1170 00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:46,700 mapper that looks at the complete other 1171 00:52:52,090 --> 00:52:48,610 end at the very short wavelengths 1172 00:52:54,760 --> 00:52:52,100 looking for a signature of a similar 1173 00:52:57,540 --> 00:52:54,770 type of absorption but for the for the 1174 00:53:00,670 --> 00:52:57,550 lower wavelengths additionally we have a 1175 00:53:03,370 --> 00:53:00,680 lunar exploration Neutron detector that 1176 00:53:05,410 --> 00:53:03,380 takes another step toward looking at 1177 00:53:07,420 --> 00:53:05,420 those low energy neutrons that's a 1178 00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:07,430 signature for hydrogen on the moon so 1179 00:53:12,260 --> 00:53:10,050 LRO is also going to be adding 1180 00:53:15,260 --> 00:53:12,270 the wealth of information about the moon 1181 00:53:18,050 --> 00:53:15,270 providing the best maps available and 1182 00:53:21,080 --> 00:53:18,060 also contributing to the to answering 1183 00:53:23,480 --> 00:53:21,090 the question and the ongoing story of 1184 00:53:24,740 --> 00:53:23,490 water on the moon thank you Mike and 1185 00:53:28,760 --> 00:53:24,750 thank you palace we're going to wrap it 1186 00:53:31,580 --> 00:53:28,770 up you can of course go to ww NSA govt 1187 00:53:33,560 --> 00:53:31,590 fall exciting new findings not just here 1188 00:53:37,280 --> 00:53:33,570 for the moon but an upcoming Mars 1189 00:53:39,140 --> 00:53:37,290 briefing that briefing teleconference 1190 00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:39,150 will also be streamed on the news audio 1191 00:53:46,280 --> 00:53:42,210 my congratulations to the folks here on 1192 00:53:49,910 --> 00:53:46,290 the west coast clearly NASA is an agency 1193 00:53:52,010 --> 00:53:49,920 for the people by the people and it's